The efficiency of the transformer will be maximum when

Copper loss:

A loss in a transformer that takes place in the winding resistance of a transformer is known as copper loss. These are variable losses.

Copper loss = i2R

Iron loss:

Iron losses = Eddy current loss + hysteresis loss

Eddy current loss = Ket2f2B2

Hysteresis loss = KhfBx

These are constant losses.

Efficiency:

The efficiency of the Transformer \((\eta ) = \frac{{XS\cos \phi }}{{XS\cos \phi + {P_i} + {X^2}{P_e}}}\)

Where, X = Fraction of load

S = Apparent power in kVA

Wi = Iron losses

 Wcu= Copper losses

The transformer will give the maximum efficiency when its copper loss is equal to the iron loss.

Efficiency is maximum at some fraction x of full load.

\(x = \sqrt {\frac{{{W_i}}}{{{W_{cu}}}}}\)

Where Wi = iron losses

Wcu = copper losses

kVA at maximum efficiency is given by,

\(kVA\;at\;{\eta _{max}} = full\;load\;kVA \times \sqrt {\frac{{{W_i}}}{{{W_{cu}}}}}\)