According to "The caste 'system is composed of hereditary groups which are both distinguished from one another and connected in three ways".

(i) By gradation of status of hierarchy

(ii) By detailed rules aimed at ensuring their separation

(iii) By division of labour and the interdependence which results from it

The correct answer is - Bougle

Key Points

• Bougle
  • The caste system, as described by Bougle, is composed of hereditary groups which are both distinguished and connected in specific ways.
  • These ways include:
    • Gradation of status of hierarchy: This refers to the hierarchical ranking of castes from higher to lower status.
    • Detailed rules aimed at ensuring their separation: This involves strict social rules and norms to maintain the separation of different castes.
    • Division of labour and interdependence: This highlights the specialized roles and occupations designated to different castes, which creates an interdependent society.

Additional Information

• Caste System
  • The caste system is a form of social stratification characterized by hereditary transmission of a lifestyle which often includes occupation, status in a hierarchy, and customary social interaction and exclusion.
  • It is traditionally associated with Hinduism but exists in various forms in other religions and regions.
• Key Sociologists
  • G. S. Ghurye: Known for his work on Indian sociology, especially the study of caste and tribes in India.
  • S. C. Dube: Noted for his contributions to the understanding of Indian rural sociology and anthropology.
  • R. K. Merton: Renowned for his theories on social structure and anomie, not specifically focused on the caste system.