Social Change and Processes MCQ Quiz in मराठी - Objective Question with Answer for Social Change and Processes - मोफत PDF डाउनलोड करा

The correct answer is - Herbert Spencer​.

Important Points

• Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was a British philosopher and sociologist who is best known for his application of evolutionary theory to social theory, in a framework often referred to as social Darwinism.
• Though it predated Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species." Spencer coined the phrase "survival of the fittest," denoting that in society, as in nature, progress occurs through a competitive process of natural selection.
• Spencer's vision of societal evolution emphasized the transformation from simple, undifferentiated societies to complex, differentiated societies.
• His work spans across various disciplines, including ethics, metaphysics, and political theory, but his contribution to framing social evolution is pivotal.
• He held that societies naturally evolve through stages of increasing complexity and that this process would lead to an eventual state of equilibrium and perfect adaptation.

Additional Information

• Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary socialist whose works have had a profound impact on modern sociology, economics, and political theory.
• Marx's contribution to sociology is vast, but he is particularly known for his theory of historical materialism, which posits that all societal structures and relationships are fundamentally shaped by the economic base of the society.
• Marx's analysis of class struggle, as seen in works like "The Communist Manifesto" (co-authored with Friedrich Engels) and "Das Kapital," underscores the conflict between different classes 
• Émile Durkheim (1858-1917) was a French sociologist regarded as one of the founding figures of sociology.
• Durkheim is best known for his methodological contributions to sociology and his theories on social cohesion and social pathology.
• He argued that societies are held together by shared beliefs, values, and norms, which he termed the collective conscience.
• In his seminal work, "Suicide" (1897), Durkheim demonstrated how social factors, beyond individual psychology, contribute to the rate of suicide.
• Another significant contribution is his study of the division of labor in society.
• Where he showed how social cohesion transitions from mechanical solidarity in primitive societies to organic solidarity in more advanced industrial societies.
• Durkheim's focus was on the social facts, norms, and institutions that regulate human behavior and maintain social order.\
• Max Weber (1864-1920) was a German sociologist, economist, and political scientist whose work is fundamental to the field of sociology.
• Weber is best known for his analysis of the process of rationalization, a concept he used to describe the historical shift from traditional to rational modes of thought and organization in Western society.
• This is evident in his seminal work "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" (1905), in which he explores how religious ideas contributed to the development of capitalism.
• Weber's methodological approach emphasized the importance of Verstehen, or understanding the meaning that individuals attach to their actions within their social context.

Cooperation - A process where individuals or groups work against each other for the attainment of mutually exclusive goals is not correctly matched.

Important Points

• Cooperation is inherently constructive and collaborative. It relies on mutual efforts for mutual benefits, emphasizing teamwork and shared goals.
• Examples include community members coming together to organize a clean-up drive, companies forming strategic partnerships to innovate new products, or countries entering into agreements on climate action.
• It promotes social cohesion, resolves conflicts, and facilitates the accomplishment of complex tasks that would be challenging to achieve individually.

Additional Information

• Competition involves rivalry where individuals or groups contest for resources, recognition, or achievements that are limited.
• It is driven by the desire to attain superiority or a better position compared to others.
• Examples can be found in sports, where teams compete to win; in the marketplace, where businesses vie for customers; and in academic settings, where students compete for top honors or scholarships.
• When healthy, competition can spur innovation, motivate individuals and groups to improve performance, and lead to the development of new technologies and practices.
• Conflict emanates from clashes due to differing interests, beliefs, or goals between individuals or groups.
• This can be expressed through arguments, disputes, or even warfare, depending on the scale and context.
• Examples include interpersonal conflicts between family members over values or goals, workplace disputes over policies, or international conflicts between nations over territory or resources.
• Conflict, while often seen as negative, can lead to social change by highlighting and addressing underlying issues. It can compel societies to find solutions, adapt, and evolve.
• Socialization is an educational and adapting process where individuals, typically from a young age, learn and absorb the cultural norms, values, and social practices of their society.
• It shapes personalities, behaviors, and social roles.
• This process is evident in family units teaching children societal norms, in educational institutions fostering citizenship and values, and through media and peer interactions shaping views and behaviors.
• Socialization is critical for the continuity and cohesion of society. It ensures the transmission of culture, helps individuals develop their identity, and enables them to function effectively within their community.

The correct answer is - ​The adaptation of global business strategies to fit local cultures and preferences, blending global and local considerations.

Key Points 

• The concept of "glocalization" is commonly associated with the sociologist Roland Robertson.
• Glocalization is a term that blends "globalization" and "localization" to describe a concept where businesses or organizations adapt their products, services, and operations to fit the local cultures, tastes, and regulations in which they operate, while still maintaining a global outlook or integrating global influences.
• This approach acknowledges the interconnectedness of global markets, but also values the importance of catering to local peculiarities.
• Roland Robertson first introduced the term in the context of social sciences to describe the simultaneous co-presence of both universalizing and particularizing tendencies in global processes. 

Additional Information

• Roland Robertson is a prominent sociologist known for his contributions to the theory of globalization.
• His work has been influential in understanding the dynamics of global and local interactions.
• Robertson has extensively discussed how global phenomena influence local cultures and vice versa, proposing a more nuanced view of globalization that includes local reactions and adaptations.

The correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Key Points

• The process of social modernization is explained by modernization theory.
• It alludes to a hypothetical concept of a gradual shift from a "pre-modern" or "traditional" to a "modern" civilization.
• The idea takes into account a nation's internal dynamics and makes the assumption that, with aid, "traditional" nations can be propelled towards growth in the same way that more advanced nations have.
• In the 1950s, modernization theory predominated as a paradigm in the social sciences.
• The modernization theory cited cultural, social, economic, and political barriers that have hampered development in developing nations up to this point and held that by embracing western values and industrialising, they too would be on the path of development similar to that of Western developed nations.
• The modernization hypothesis gained a lot of traction in the 1950s but came under fire at the end of the 1960s. The following are some of the criticisms of the theory:
  • The process of development is not always one-way.
  • The modernization perspective just illustrates one potential development model.
  • According to modernization ideology, old values must be abandoned.
• The following essentially sums up the fundamental tenets of the modernization theory of development:
  • Modernization is a phased process
  • Modernization is a homogenizing process
  • Modernization is a Europeanization or Americanization process
  • Modernization is an irreversible process
  • It is a progressive process
  • It is an evolutionary change, not a revolutionary one.