Physical Education & Psychology MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Physical Education & Psychology - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

Physical education is an integral part of the total education of every child in Kindergarten through Grade 12 to sensitize the students towards the importance of being physically fit.

Key Points

• Quality physical education programs increase the physical competence, health-related fitness, self-responsibility, and enjoyment of physical activity for all students so that they can be physically active for a lifetime.
• Physical education should emphasize the development of strong abdominal muscles.
• Physical education should monitor athletes' conditions to detect immobility.
• All participants in physical education should be required to undergo an adequate medical examination.
• It facilitates the development of student responsibility for health and fitness.
• Regular, Healthful Physical Activity provides a wide range of developmentally appropriate activities for all children.

Hence we conclude that statements I, II, and III are correct about physical education.

Proper planning of the lesson is the key to effective teaching. The teacher must know in advance the subject matter and the mode of its delivery in the classroom. This gives the teacher an idea of how to develop the key concepts and how to correlate them to real-life situations and how to conclude the lesson.

Key Points

Lesson planning is also essential because effective learning takes place only if the subject matter is presented in an integrated and correlated manner and is related to the pupil's environment. Though lesson planning requires hard work it is rewarding too. It conceives a lesson as a 'Plan of Action' implemented by the teacher in the classroom. An advantage of a lesson plan are:

• It makes teaching systematic and well-organized.
• When lessons are planned, wastage of resources is checked and there is an economy of effort.
•  It helps teachers in identifying adequate content and its proper sequencing for teaching a lesson.
• It helps teachers to learn to foresee and tackle the learning difficulties of children.
• The lesson plan helps the teacher to organize his subject matter properly and makes it easy for the students to understand the subject within the time limits imposed by the school timetable.
• With this, the teacher plans a series of activities with the objective to bring about modification in children’s attitudes, habits, and behaviors.
•  It helps teachers to develop the habit of undertaking immediate corrective measures. 
• It gives confidence to teachers during teaching. 
•  It should focus on the development of a clear understanding among children instead of rote memorization. 

Thus, it is concluded that the goals and objectives of teaching are achieved through lesson plans by taking recourse to any extraneous measure is not an advantage of a lesson plan.

The correct answer is Pyramid approach.

Key Points

Education defines a lesson plan as a teaching outline of the important points of a lesson arranged in the order in which they are to be presented; it may include objectives, questions to be asked, references to materials, evaluation, assignments, etc.

• Generally various approaches are used to make a lesson plan.
• These approaches are Herbartian approach, Unit approach, Evaluation approach, and Project approach.

 Important Points

Herbartian Approach

• It  is based on apperceptive mass theory of learning.
• All the knowledge and information is to be given from outside by the teacher because the student is considered similar to a clean slate.
• For the students, if an old knowledge makes a base for new knowledge (his previous knowledge or experiences), it may be acquired easily and retained for a longer period.
• Herbart has given five steps:- Introduction, Presentation, Organistation, Comparison, and evaluation.

Unit Approach of Morrison

• It  is based on unit transaction and planning.
• The Morrison’s lesson plan of teaching is cyclic; Morrison has given five steps for his ‘cycle phase’ of teaching:- Exploration, Presentation, Assimilation, Organisation, and Recitation.

Evaluation Approach by Professor B.S. Bloom.

• According to him “Evaluation is a continuous process.
• It has three components- Behavioural Changes, Learning Experiences and Teaching Objectives.
• The focus in this approach is on objective based teaching and testing.
• It takes into consideration the learning objectives and teaching methods on the basis of the objectives and to assess learning outcomes.
• Then, a decision can be taken about objectives of learning are achieved or need to provide the revision.

Additional Information

Pyramid approach: 

• ​The Pyramid Model is the early childhood model for Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (EC-PBIS) and for Response to Intervention (RTI), which have been implemented at the K-12 levels .
• The Pyramid Model describes four tiers of practice, adding an underlying foundational level, which addresses issues related to the early childhood workforce and training needed to support the following tiers.
• Developing, implementing, and reviewing the foundational level is necessary to sustain the intervention practices over time.

Motivation refers to the willingness of individual members to set and accept challenging goals and to take responsibility, their involvement in work, and their job satisfaction. It is a process that begins with a physiological or psychological need or deficiency that triggers behaviour or a drive that is aimed at a goal or an incentive.

• The purpose of motivation is to create conditions in which people are willing to work with zeal, initiative, interest and enthusiasm, with a sense of responsibility, loyalty and discipline, and with pride and confidence in the most cohesive manner, so that the goals of an organisation are achieved effectively.

Key Points

While establishing the steps of motivation, an executive should be guided by certain rules. According to Jucius, these rules are:

• Self-interest and Motivation:
  • People are by nature, selfish. When a person realises that his own interests are best served by the attainment of an organisation’s goals, he is likely to be motivated.
  • A motivated student becomes interested in learning further and develops an interest in the subject or concept the teacher is teaching. These students can be considered motivated if they ask questions seeking clarification from the teacher regarding their doubts, or want to enhance their knowledge towards that particular subject.
• Attainability: It is necessary to establish goals that are attainable and when such goals are achieved, it leads to employee satisfaction. Unattainable goals frustrate people.
• The Human Element: Motivation appeals to emotions and feelings. The executive, who is most successful as a motivator, can trace his success invariably to his skill in dealing with peoples’ feelings. He can bring out the best in people because he makes them feel good, feel significant, feel worthwhile, and feel that they are growing. 

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that the children in a class can be considered to be motivated if they ask questions seeking clarification from the teacher.

Social change is way human interactions and relationships transform cultural and social institutions over time, having a profound impact of society.

Important Points

Cultural Barriers : Conservatism, fatalism, superstitions, a feeling of pride and dignity in the old and traditional ways of life, incompatibility of new and old cultural traits, slavery and poverty are the cultural barriers to change.

• For example, in South India the devdasi custom in temples causes obstruction in the social change for the eradication of prostitution. Similarly many values of Hindu religion are obstacles in the way of begging.
• Fear of the people that social change will prove harmful is resistant to change. Those who are leading a life of slavery and poverty and those who, for lack of confidence fear that social change will bring misery and sorrow are barriers to social change..
• Isolation is another deterrent factor. When a certain social group, a society or a community is isolated from the rest of the social group, community, nation or the world, the members do not have the opportunity to observe other groups and consequently do not become aware of their weaknesses, shortcomings, tensions and needs.
• It must be kept in mind that isolation may be psychological as well as geographical.

Thus we can conclude that the Cultural Inertia, Fear of New Things and Dergree  of Isolation are the factors affecting to Social change. 

The correct answer is Naturalism 

Important Points

Naturalism :

• Naturalism, in philosophy, a theory that relates scientific method to philosophy by affirming that all beings and events in the universe (whatever their inherent character may be) are natural.
• Consequently, all knowledge of the universe falls within the pale of scientific investigation.
• Materialism is a tradition of thought in which all things that exist are made up of matter in some way.

This is why the Naturalism  School of Philosophy is also referred as materialism.

Additional Information

Idealism :

• Idealism is a school of philosophy that emphasizes that “ideas or concepts are the essence of all that is worth knowing” .
• Based on the writings of Plato, this school of philosophy encourages conscious reason- ing in the mind.

Pragmatism:

• Pragmatism means thinking of or dealing with problems in a practical way, rather than by using theory or abstract principles.
• John Dewey was an American philosopher and educator who was a founder of the philosophical movement known as pragmatism, a pioneer in functional psychology, and a leader of the progressive movement in education in the United States.
• It has four principles: Unity, Interest, Experience, and Integration.

Humanism :

• The philosophical term 'humanism' refers to a series of interrelated concepts about nature, defining characteristics, powers, education and values of human persons.
• Petrarch laid the foundation of Renaissance humanism through his writings and came to be known as the father of Humanism. 
• Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance, which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives.

William Herbert Sheldon was an American psychologist. He introduced the concept and word 'somatotype' in ' The varieties of Human Physique'. He defined somatotype as a 'quantification of three primary components determining the morphological structure of an individual expressed as a series of three numerals, the first referring to endomorphy the second to mesomorphy and the third to ectomorphy.

Key Points

• Three primary components of Sheldon's theory:
  • Endomorphic: It is characterized by the predominance of the digestive organs and softness and roundness of contours throughout the body. In other words with increased fat storage, a wide waist and a large bone structure. Children with endomorphic builds tend to have more problems with obesity.The endomorphs are fat, soft and round.
  • Mesomorphic: It is characterized by the predominance of muscle and bone, skin is made thick by heavy connective tissue. In other words, the person with medium bones and solid torso, low fat levels, wide shoulders with a narrow waist is called mesomorphic.
  • Ectomorphic: It is characterized by linearity and fragility of build, with limited muscular development and predominance of surface area over body mass. In other words a person with long and thin muscles or libs or low fat storage is called ectomorphic.

Hence, we can conclude that Children with endomorphic builds tend to have more problems with obesity.

From birth through old age, psychological development refers to the growth of a person's cognitive, emotional, intellectual, and social talents and functions during the duration of a normal life span. The field of developmental psychology is concerned with this topic.

Key Points

• The overall development is a notion that encompasses a child's physiological and psychological growth, as well as the development of communication skills, learning, emotional, moral, and social values.
• Children will arrange many forms of mental and physical activities to boost their overall growth if you, as a teacher, wish to develop the social, physical, and emotional development of children in your class.
• While playing, children will learn to navigate, balance, and lift things. This helps kids acquire basic movement abilities that will allow them to stay active later in life. As children become older, physical play will help them stay healthy and active. It also strengthens their bones and muscles.
• To improve their general development, children will arrange a variety of cerebral and physical sports. This is extremely beneficial to their mental and physical well-being.

As a consequence, if you're a teacher who wants to foster the social, physical, and emotional growth of your students, youngsters will arrange a variety of mental and physical activities to help them grow.

Additional Information

• Students will be taken seriously in class, and they will not be allowed to work independently. It will have a negative influence on children since they will not be able to accomplish their tasks well if they do not feel free.
• The children will be urged to sit quietly in the classroom and on their own as well. This is not a good technique to guide youngsters in the classroom; instead, the teacher should allow the students to express their concerns and debate them.

Adolescence is the time when a person transitions from childhood to adulthood. 

Key Points

•  Adolescence is a period of rapid physical, mental, social, emotional, and sexual growth and development.
• The characteristics of an adolescent are the following: 
  • ​An individual's physical, psychological, and sociological characteristics, as well as values, attitudes, interests, and behavior, change.
  • The life cycle has both regularity and inconsistency. 
  • Adolescence is a complex and often difficult period in development for both adolescents and their families, due to rapid physical, psychological, and cognitive changes. 
  • The adolescent has a problem with the quick and rapid change of physical and psychological elements throughout this stage. 
  • Adolescents are engaged in solving problems on their own and attempting to acquire independence from their parents.
  • Developing cooperative and workable relationships with peers and preparing for a meaningful job. 

​​Thus, the characteristics of adolescents are increasing independence from adult control, rapid physiological changes, and increased focus on activities with peer groups.

Motivation is derived from the word ‘motive’. A motive is an inner state that energizes, activates or moves and directs or channels behavior towards goals. It is an important factor which encourages persons to give their best performance and helps in achieving enterprise goals.

Key Points

• Fredrick Herzberg and his associates developed the “Motivation Hygiene Theory”, commonly known as the “Two Factor Theory”.
• Herzberg advocated that there are certain factors that tend to be consistently related to job satisfaction and on the other hand, there are some factors, which are consistently related to job dissatisfaction.
• These two factors are:
  • Hygiene Factors: Hygiene factors or the maintenance factors do not motivate people, they simply prevent dissatisfaction and maintain status quo. Such factors do not produce positive results but prevent negative results.
  • Motivational Factors: These factors are basically related to the job. The motivational factors have a positive effect on job satisfaction and often result in an increase in total output. Thus, these factors have a positive influence on morale, satisfaction, efficiency and productivity.

Hence, we can conclude that the two factor theory of motivation is given by Harzberg.