Culture and Socialization MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Culture and Socialization - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

The correct answer is Redfield.

Key Points

• Culture, according to Redfield, is "an organized body of customary understandings manifested in art and artifacts that characterizes a human group via tradition." Hence option 1) is correct.
• The phrases "acquired by man" and "persisting via tradition" bring two fundamental aspects of culture into prominence.
• A human child, as he grows up, learns gradually from parents or from members of the group among whom he is born and among whom he lives.
• Learning reveals that culture cannot be acquired in isolation from society.
• To put it another way, culture has a social framework.
• The word 'persisting via tradition,' coined by Redfield, refers to the important fact that what is taught in one generation is passed down to succeeding generations.

The correct answer is Leslie White

Key Points

•  Leslie Alvin White (January 19, 1900, Salida, Colorado – March 31, 1975, Lone Pine, California) was an American anthropologist known for his advocacy of the theories on cultural evolution, sociocultural evolution, and especially neoevolutionism, and for his role in creating the department of anthropology at the University of Michigan Ann Arbor
• The science of culture is book written by Leslie white

The correct answer is Conformity.Key Points

• Social norms are unwritten rules of behavior shared by members of a given group or society. 
• Social norms are the accepted standards of behavior of social groups. These groups range from friendship and workgroups to nation-states. 
• Behavior which fulfills these norms is called conformity, and most of the time roles and norms are powerful ways of understanding and predicting what people will do.
• Hence, Action-oriented to a social norm is Conformity. Humans have a common tendency to adopt opinions and follow the behaviors of the majority.

Additional Information

• Herbert Kelman identified three major types of conformity: compliance, identification, and internalization.
• Social acceptance means that other people signal that they. wish to include you in their groups and relationships (Leary, 2010). Social acceptance occurs on a continuum that ranges. from merely tolerating another person's presence to actively.
• Social control refers to societal and political mechanisms that regulate individual and group behaviour in an attempt to gain conformity and compliance to the rules of a given society, state, or social group. Sociologists identify two basic forms of social control – informal control and formal control

Thus, Action oriented to a social norm is Conformity.

The correct answer is Totem.Key Points

• A totem is a spirit being, sacred object, or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people, such as a family, clan, lineage, or tribe, such as in the Anishinaabe clan system.
• These totems mostly are natural objects or items either inanimate or animate with which a group of individuals identifies themselves. The system of mystical attachment of groups of people with totems is called totemism. The group that observes totemism is called a totemic group.
• Each group of relatives has a holy place to which the totem animal brings the souls of the dead and from which the souls of children are also believed to come. Totem animals have been represented in various manifestations: as spirit creatures in sacred flutes, in disguises, and in figures preserved in each man's house.

Additional Information

• Gotra: In Hindu culture, the term gotra is considered to be equivalent to lineage. It broadly refers to people who are descendants in an unbroken male line from a common male ancestor or patriline. The eight sages are called Gotrakarins, from whom all 108 gotras (especially of the Brahmins) have evolved. For instance, from Atri sprang the Atreya and Gavisthiras gotras.
• Culture is an umbrella term that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups. Culture often originated from or is attributed to a specific region or location.
• Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both in spoken and written forms and may also be conveyed through sign languages.

 Thus, Totem is considered sacred among tribes and is being worshipped.

The correct answer is Stratification.Key Points

• Social stratification means a division of society into different strata or layers. It involves a hierarchy of social groups. Members of a particular layer have a common identity. They have a similar lifestyle.
• The Indian Caste system provides an example of a stratification system.
• Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power (social and political).
• In Marx and Engel's words, was that “society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other—Bourgeoisie and Proletariat”.

Additional Information

• Social inequality occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly, typically through norms of allocation, that engender specific patterns along lines of socially defined categories of persons.
• Socialization is the process through which individuals learn the norms and values of society, leading to social cohesion and a functional society (according to functionalists).
• Differentiation: the distinction made between social groups and persons on the basis of biological, physiological, and sociocultural factors, as sex, age, or ethnicity, resulting in the assignment of roles and status within a society.

Thus, The process of dividing society into different layers is called Stratification.

The correct answer is Redfield.

Key Points

• Robert Redfield (December 4, 1897 – October 16, 1958) was an anthropologist and ethnolinguist who is remembered for his anthropological studies in Tepoztlán, Mexico.
• In 1923, he journeyed to Mexico with his wife Margaret, where he met Manuel Gamio, a Mexican anthropologist who had studied with Franz Boas.
• He authored The Primitive World and its Transformation in 1953, The folk culture of Yucatan , and Peasant Society and Culture in 1956 after a series of published field studies from Mexican villages (Tepoztlán in Morelos and Chan Kom in Yucatán). Hence option 3) is correct.

Important Points

• Redfield's published works include:
  • ​Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village: A Study in Folk Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1930).
  • Folk Cultures of the Yucatán. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1948).
  • The Primitive World and Its Transformations. Ithaca: Cornell University Press (1953).
  • The Role of Cities in Economic Development and Cultural Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1954).
  • The Little Community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1956).

The correct answer is Malinowski.

Key Points

• Bronislaw Kaspar Malinowski (1884–1942) was a Polish-born social anthropologist who began his career and professional studies in England in 1910
• Malinowski is credited with pioneering the functionalist approach to cultural analysis.
• Although he used the term "function" throughout his career, from his early scholarly research on the Australian aboriginal family in 1913 to his final theoretical statement in A Scientific Theory of Culture (1944).
• His use of the term was open-ended, exploratory, and subject to constant modification.
• He viewed culture as a collection of objects and organized traditions through which an individual is shaped and a social group maintains its integration and continuity.
• But he also saw culture as an instrumental reality, deriving from human wants ranging from the most fundamental universal needs of an individual organism to the highly sophisticated and often specialized needs of a complex community. Hence option 3) is correct.
• Functionalism, in his opinion, was a research tool, "the prerequisite for fieldwork and for the comparative investigation of phenomena in diverse cultures" (1944a, p. 175), that allowed for the in-depth study of cultural characteristics.
• A functionalist approach exposed the multiple links between man as a psychobiological creature and his product, culture, through an intermediate analysis of institutions.

Education brings a change in every aspect of a person's life and hence, education can be regarded as the perfect instrument for social change.

So, an important instrument for the development of social elements is the school which is also said to be a miniature of the society.

The correct answer is Maclver and Page.

Key Points

• Culture, according to sociologists, comprises of the values, beliefs, language, communication, and practice systems that people share and can be used to characterize them as a group.
• Material artifacts that are common to that group or society are also considered part of the culture.
• Culture is separate from society's social structure and economic components, but it is intertwined with both, both informing and being informed by them.
• MacIver defines, “Culture is the expression of own nature in our modes of living and of thinking in our everyday intercourse in art, in literature, in religion, in recreation and enjoyments”. 
• Page also has given a similar definition of culture i.e culture is the "realm of styles, of values, of emotional attachment, of intellectual adventures".

Important Points

• Edward. B. Tylor has defined that “culture is the complex which includes knowledge, belief, morals, art, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
• Robert Bierstedt is of the opinion that ‘culture is the complex whole that consists of all the ways we think and do and everything we have as members of society.’
• C. North is of the opinion that culture ‘consists in the instruments constituted by man to assist him in satisfying his wants.’
• Mazumdar defined that “culture is the sum total of human achievements material as well as non-material, capable of transmission by tradition and communication vertically as well as horizontally.”
• Malinowski has defined culture as the ‘cumulative creation of man.’ He also regards culture as the handwork of man and the medium through which he achieves his ends.

The correct answer is Redfield.

Key Points

• Robert Redfield (December 4, 1897 – October 16, 1958) was an anthropologist and ethnolinguist who is remembered for his anthropological studies in Tepoztlán, Mexico.
• In 1923, he journeyed to Mexico with his wife Margaret, where he met Manuel Gamio, a Mexican anthropologist who had studied with Franz Boas.
• He authored The Primitive World and its Transformation in 1953, The folk culture of Yucatan , and Peasant Society and Culture in 1956 after a series of published field studies from Mexican villages (Tepoztlán in Morelos and Chan Kom in Yucatán). Hence option 3) is correct.

Important Points

• Redfield's published works include:
  • ​Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village: A Study in Folk Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1930).
  • Folk Cultures of the Yucatán. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1948).
  • The Primitive World and Its Transformations. Ithaca: Cornell University Press (1953).
  • The Role of Cities in Economic Development and Cultural Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1954).
  • The Little Community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1956).