Mass communication model MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Mass communication model - Download Free PDF

Important Point

Wilbur Schramm was an American communication theorist and scholar who developed several models of communication. In his second model of communication, Schramm identified five elements that are involved in the process of communication:

1. Encode: The sender takes the message that they want to convey and encodes it into a form that can be transmitted. This may involve the use of symbols, words, images, or other forms of representation.

2. Decode: The receiver takes the encoded message and decodes it, interpreting its meaning and understanding what the sender intended to convey.

3. Interpret: The receiver must then interpret the message, taking into account their own experiences, background, and context, to understand what the sender is trying to communicate.

4. Modify: The receiver may then modify the message, based on their own interpretation, before passing it on to others.

5. Extend: Finally, the message may be extended by the receiver, who adds their own thoughts, reactions, and feelings to the original message before passing it on to others.

These five elements, in the order listed, form the basic sequence of events in Schramm's second model of communication.

Additional Information Effective communication is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, knowledge, and information in such a way that the goal or intention is met to the best of one's ability. In simple terms, it is the sender's presentation of his or her points of view in the most understandable manner for the listener

• Communication: Communication is the form of interaction that takes place through symbols. The symbols may be gestural, pictural, plastic, verbal, or any other which operate as stimuli to behavior that would not be revoked by the symbol itself in the special conditions of the person who responds.
• In the communication process, the sender (encoder) encodes the message and then using a medium/ channel, sends it to the receiver (decoder) who decodes the message, and after processing the information, the receiver sends back appropriate feedback/reply using a medium/channel.
• Once the receiver confirms to the sender that he has received the message and understood it, the process of communication is complete.

The correct answer is the social power of media convergence

Key Points

• The death of Michael Jackson in June 2009 demonstrated the social power of media convergence.
• The reaction to Jackson’s death demonstrated how the media have changed from the old model.
• From which only a small number of media companies produced content and targeted it at a passive audience, to a new model that is highly interactive and participatory and permits a wide range of content creators to share their work.
• Fans could provide the media companies feedback through text messages, tweets (Twitter messages), and emails.
• They could also communicate directly with one another without the help of the media companies.
• Here, fans built their own online communities around their passions and connected with other fans worldwide.
• This relative subordination of the major media represents a significant paradigm shift, as the media now must share information with us, rather than direct information at us.

The correct answer is Picture in picture feature for video calling

Key Points

• WhatsApp has lately been trying its hands-on different features on its platform.
• Last year, the Facebook-owned messaging app rolled out a testing version of the picture-in-picture feature for video calling on Android O.
• Now, WhatsApp has rolled out the support for picture-in-picture mode to its users across the globe. Apart from that, the company has also added the ability to put the text as a status message.
• The first feature is called picture-in-picture.
• After rolling out the picture-in-picture (PIP) video calls to beta users of its app, WhatsApp has now rolled out the feature to everyone.
• This means both Android and iOS users will now be able to minimize the video calling window and move it around while browsing through other messages in the background.
• When in a video call, you can tap back to continue the video call in picture-in-picture mode.
• The picture-in-picture video calls update will only be available for Android users whose smartphones have been updated to Android 8.0 Oreo.
• For iOS users, the feature works fine on iOS 10.
• The second feature allows you to post text-only updates to your status. The status, just like the photos and videos will be visible for a time interval of 24 hours.

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

Preparation, Implementation, Impact Model - Cutlip, Center & Broom.

• For different demands, Cutlip, Center, and Broom devised a three-level evaluation model: preparation, implementation, and impact.
• Each phase in the methodology is intended to improve comprehension and provide data for effectiveness evaluation.
• The 'preparation' level examines if sufficient background information has been gathered in order to plan the programme efficiently and effectively.
• At the 'implementation' level, evaluation considers how techniques were implemented.
• The third level of the model assesses the impact or the extent to which the program's objectives have been met.

Three step yardstick model - Lindermann.

• ​Lindenmann developed the three-step Yardstick' Model in 1993, which provides a set of principles or standards that practitioners can use when assessing communication effectiveness.
• The first level is the most fundamental, and it assesses outputs. It concentrates on the practitioner's or organization's real actions, as well as how practitioners present and conduct themselves.
• The second level is the intermediate level assesses the reception, attention, comprehension, and retention of messages.
• The third level is referred to as the advanced level, and it focuses on assessing opinion shifts, attitude shifts, and, at the greatest level, behavioural shifts.

Pyramid Model - McNamara.

• ​In 1999, Macnamara created the Pyramid Model of Public Relations Research. It takes into account the communication impacts of input, output, and outcome.
• The pyramid model divided into 3 parts:

1. The bottom of the pyramid represents the wide range of media and activities that practitioners must explore before narrowing down media options depending on target audiences and messages.
2. The physical material and activities that would produce a succession of outputs are depicted in the centre part.
3. The achievement of a desired objective (attitudinal or behavioural) is indicated in the top area, which is referred to as the effect or outcomes.

Short term and continuing programme model - Watson & Nobel.

• In 1997, Watson developed two evaluation models: the Short-term Model and the Continuing Model of Evaluation.
• The Short-term Model, according to Nobel, is focused with simple awareness aims and is thought to be a linear process with no feedback mechanism.
• Long-term activities are the focus of the Continuing Model of Evaluation, which includes a feedback loop.

Important Point

Wilbur Schramm was an American communication theorist and scholar who developed several models of communication. In his second model of communication, Schramm identified five elements that are involved in the process of communication:

1. Encode: The sender takes the message that they want to convey and encodes it into a form that can be transmitted. This may involve the use of symbols, words, images, or other forms of representation.

2. Decode: The receiver takes the encoded message and decodes it, interpreting its meaning and understanding what the sender intended to convey.

3. Interpret: The receiver must then interpret the message, taking into account their own experiences, background, and context, to understand what the sender is trying to communicate.

4. Modify: The receiver may then modify the message, based on their own interpretation, before passing it on to others.

5. Extend: Finally, the message may be extended by the receiver, who adds their own thoughts, reactions, and feelings to the original message before passing it on to others.

These five elements, in the order listed, form the basic sequence of events in Schramm's second model of communication.

Additional Information Effective communication is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, knowledge, and information in such a way that the goal or intention is met to the best of one's ability. In simple terms, it is the sender's presentation of his or her points of view in the most understandable manner for the listener

• Communication: Communication is the form of interaction that takes place through symbols. The symbols may be gestural, pictural, plastic, verbal, or any other which operate as stimuli to behavior that would not be revoked by the symbol itself in the special conditions of the person who responds.
• In the communication process, the sender (encoder) encodes the message and then using a medium/ channel, sends it to the receiver (decoder) who decodes the message, and after processing the information, the receiver sends back appropriate feedback/reply using a medium/channel.
• Once the receiver confirms to the sender that he has received the message and understood it, the process of communication is complete.

Important Point

Wilbur Schramm was an American communication theorist and scholar who developed several models of communication. In his second model of communication, Schramm identified five elements that are involved in the process of communication:

1. Encode: The sender takes the message that they want to convey and encodes it into a form that can be transmitted. This may involve the use of symbols, words, images, or other forms of representation.

2. Decode: The receiver takes the encoded message and decodes it, interpreting its meaning and understanding what the sender intended to convey.

3. Interpret: The receiver must then interpret the message, taking into account their own experiences, background, and context, to understand what the sender is trying to communicate.

4. Modify: The receiver may then modify the message, based on their own interpretation, before passing it on to others.

5. Extend: Finally, the message may be extended by the receiver, who adds their own thoughts, reactions, and feelings to the original message before passing it on to others.

These five elements, in the order listed, form the basic sequence of events in Schramm's second model of communication.

Additional Information Effective communication is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, knowledge, and information in such a way that the goal or intention is met to the best of one's ability. In simple terms, it is the sender's presentation of his or her points of view in the most understandable manner for the listener

• Communication: Communication is the form of interaction that takes place through symbols. The symbols may be gestural, pictural, plastic, verbal, or any other which operate as stimuli to behavior that would not be revoked by the symbol itself in the special conditions of the person who responds.
• In the communication process, the sender (encoder) encodes the message and then using a medium/ channel, sends it to the receiver (decoder) who decodes the message, and after processing the information, the receiver sends back appropriate feedback/reply using a medium/channel.
• Once the receiver confirms to the sender that he has received the message and understood it, the process of communication is complete.

The correct answer is All of the above

Key Points

• A few factors that influence change are connected to media convergence.
• The high accessibility to cutting-edge broadband internet connection is the most significant. 
• In India, there were roughly 19.60 million active internet users in December 2010, but in 2021, there were 560 million mobile internet users there.
• According to the most recent report, India would have 730 million internet users by June 2023.
• Approximately 71% of internet users log on at least once every day. 
• Large-scale dissemination and media-produced material are linked to the emergence of user-generated content.
• An essential component of the media convergence environment is the globalization of media content and services. 
• During the 20th century, American or Hollywood movies were a part of the worldwide media landscape. 
• The rise of user-generated content is correlated with people's increased power over the media. 
• Users today have access to a wide variety of media platforms and materials. 
• The connection between media convergence and user empowerment has been discussed by Professor Henry Jenkins.

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

Preparation, Implementation, Impact Model - Cutlip, Center & Broom.

• For different demands, Cutlip, Center, and Broom devised a three-level evaluation model: preparation, implementation, and impact.
• Each phase in the methodology is intended to improve comprehension and provide data for effectiveness evaluation.
• The 'preparation' level examines if sufficient background information has been gathered in order to plan the programme efficiently and effectively.
• At the 'implementation' level, evaluation considers how techniques were implemented.
• The third level of the model assesses the impact or the extent to which the program's objectives have been met.

Three step yardstick model - Lindermann.

• ​Lindenmann developed the three-step Yardstick' Model in 1993, which provides a set of principles or standards that practitioners can use when assessing communication effectiveness.
• The first level is the most fundamental, and it assesses outputs. It concentrates on the practitioner's or organization's real actions, as well as how practitioners present and conduct themselves.
• The second level is the intermediate level assesses the reception, attention, comprehension, and retention of messages.
• The third level is referred to as the advanced level, and it focuses on assessing opinion shifts, attitude shifts, and, at the greatest level, behavioural shifts.

Pyramid Model - McNamara.

• ​In 1999, Macnamara created the Pyramid Model of Public Relations Research. It takes into account the communication impacts of input, output, and outcome.
• The pyramid model divided into 3 parts:

1. The bottom of the pyramid represents the wide range of media and activities that practitioners must explore before narrowing down media options depending on target audiences and messages.
2. The physical material and activities that would produce a succession of outputs are depicted in the centre part.
3. The achievement of a desired objective (attitudinal or behavioural) is indicated in the top area, which is referred to as the effect or outcomes.

Short term and continuing programme model - Watson & Nobel.

• In 1997, Watson developed two evaluation models: the Short-term Model and the Continuing Model of Evaluation.
• The Short-term Model, according to Nobel, is focused with simple awareness aims and is thought to be a linear process with no feedback mechanism.
• Long-term activities are the focus of the Continuing Model of Evaluation, which includes a feedback loop.

The correct answer is the social power of media convergence

Key Points

• The death of Michael Jackson in June 2009 demonstrated the social power of media convergence.
• The reaction to Jackson’s death demonstrated how the media have changed from the old model.
• From which only a small number of media companies produced content and targeted it at a passive audience, to a new model that is highly interactive and participatory and permits a wide range of content creators to share their work.
• Fans could provide the media companies feedback through text messages, tweets (Twitter messages), and emails.
• They could also communicate directly with one another without the help of the media companies.
• Here, fans built their own online communities around their passions and connected with other fans worldwide.
• This relative subordination of the major media represents a significant paradigm shift, as the media now must share information with us, rather than direct information at us.

The correct answer is Bangladesh

Key Points

• Bangladesh is set to create its own social media platform called ‘Jogajog’ as an alternative to Facebook,
• Zunaid Ahmed Palak, Bangladesh’s State Minister for Information and Communication Technology made this announcement on 24th July 2021.
• Through the Jogajog app, the country’s entrepreneurs will be able to create their own versions of the online marketplace and groups for data, information, and communication.
• The minister said that the government is also working to develop a communication app ‘Alapan’ as an alternative to Whatsapp.
• The minister said that the country’s digital e-commerce policy of 2018 has the aim to create more than 20 lakh jobs in the Information and Communication Technology sector by the year 2021.
• Zunaid Ahmed Palak said that the government also plans to develop a streaming app as an alternative to YouTube so that the huge outflow of money due to advertisements from the country could be stopped.

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

• Linotype - Ottmar Mergenthalers' 'Linotype' line-easting machine was first displayed in the United States in 1886. It was a significant advancement in newspaper typesetting. The 'Linotype' is a single-unit system that includes both a keyboard and a caster
• Monotype - Monotype, which was invented in 1895, is a single-type easting machine. It is more adaptable and well-suited to more complex compositions, such as book compositions. It is unsuitable for use in a newspaper.
• Photocomposition - Photocomposition, also known as Phototypesetting or Filmsetting, is a method of constructing or setting type by photographing characters on film, which is then used to make printing plates. "In the mid-1930s, the first photocomposition experiments were carried out in order to create a photographic replica of the matter that could be printed without the use of a camera."
• Desktop publishing (DTP) is the process of designing books and booklets on a computer for printing with inkjet or laser printers.
  • Xerox PARC was the first to create desktop publishing in the 1970s. According to one claim, desktop publishing originated in 1983 with a programme built by James Davise at a Philadelphia community newspaper.

The correct answer is Denis Goulet

Key Points

• Denis Goulet (1931–2006) was a pioneer of human development theory and a founder of work on ‘development ethics’.
• He defined growth as "changes that allow human beings to move, both as individuals and as members of groups" from one state of existence to another that is more human in some meaningful aspect'.

According to Prof. Goulet, There are three core values of development

1.  Sustenance,
2. Self- esteem, and
3.  Freedom

• Denis Goulet brought a new concept to the development which he calls a cruel choice.
• According to him the process of development can be best understood by evaluating the conflicts they possess.

The correct answer is Picture in picture feature for video calling

Key Points

• WhatsApp has lately been trying its hands-on different features on its platform.
• Last year, the Facebook-owned messaging app rolled out a testing version of the picture-in-picture feature for video calling on Android O.
• Now, WhatsApp has rolled out the support for picture-in-picture mode to its users across the globe. Apart from that, the company has also added the ability to put the text as a status message.
• The first feature is called picture-in-picture.
• After rolling out the picture-in-picture (PIP) video calls to beta users of its app, WhatsApp has now rolled out the feature to everyone.
• This means both Android and iOS users will now be able to minimize the video calling window and move it around while browsing through other messages in the background.
• When in a video call, you can tap back to continue the video call in picture-in-picture mode.
• The picture-in-picture video calls update will only be available for Android users whose smartphones have been updated to Android 8.0 Oreo.
• For iOS users, the feature works fine on iOS 10.
• The second feature allows you to post text-only updates to your status. The status, just like the photos and videos will be visible for a time interval of 24 hours.

The correct answer is Telegram

Key Points

• The Information and Broadcasting Ministry launched its account on 14 Sep 2021 on the social media platform Telegram to counter fake news.
• It was launched as 'PIB Fact Check'.
• which is one of the few government entities to have a telegram channel, and aims to verify information related to the Centre and disseminate it to its subscribers.
• Earlier, fake channels were being run on Telegram in the name of a fact check.
• PIB, along with telegram, got these fraudulent channels removed.
• PIB Fact Check is the only central government fact-checking arm, which was established in November 2019.
   

Additional Information

• Founded March 2013
• Founder(s) Nikolai Durov, Pavel Durov
• CEO Pavel Durov