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Home / IAS Preparation / Revolutionary Movement In India: Modern History NCERT Notes For UPSC

Revolutionary Movement In India: Modern History NCERT Notes For UPSC

Last Updated on May 25, 2021
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The revolutionary movement in India during the independence struggle was the result of the growth of militant nationalism in India. The revolutionary movement in India took place in two phases, one from 1907 to 1917 and the other in the 1920s. The methodology employed by the revolutionaries were mostly heroic actions such as assassinations of traitors, unpopular officials and organising dacoities.

The intention behind these revolutionary movements was to remove the fear of British officials from the minds of the Indian masses and arouse them against the Britishers. Let’s discuss some of the important revolutionary movements which are important for UPSC exams.

Revolutionary Movement In India (UPSC Modern History) NCERT Notes: Download PDF Here

First Phase of Revolutionary Movements in India 

The first phase of the revolutionary movement in India began in 1907 with the fallout of the Swadeshi and Boycott movement and it lasted till 1917. Following are some of the revolutionary activities and movements that took place in different parts of the country during the first phase.

Check the NCERT Notes rise of Gandhi in Indian freedom struggle here.

Rand Murder

  • On 22 June 1897, the first political murder of the British was committed by the Chapekar brothers – Damodar Hari Chapekar, Balkrishna Hari Chapekar, Vasudeo Hari Chapekar.
  • During the Plague epidemic at Poona, the Plague Committee was formed and W.C.Rand was appointed as its President.
  • The Plague Commission ordered the British soldiers to raid the houses of the civilians for plague-infected persons. They even declared funerals as unlawful if the death was not registered.
  • Many nationalists like Bal Gangadhar Tilak raged against the measures of the Plague Committee.
  • So on 22 June 1897, the Chapekar brothers attacked and murdered W.C.Rand and his military escort Lt. Ayerst was shot accidentally.
  • The Chapekar brothers were convicted and hanged for this murder.

Alipore Bomb Conspiracy Case

  • Douglas Kingford who was the judge of Muzaffarpur awarded severe punishments to the young men for committing petty crimes while he was working as the Chief Presidency magistrate.
  • So on 30 April,1908 Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose made an attempt to kill Douglas Kingford by throwing a bomb at a carriage he was travelling.
  • Unfortunately, Douglas Kingsford was not in the carriage at which the bomb was thrown and instead two British ladies got killed.
  • Prafulla Chaki got himself shot dead and Khudiram Bose was tried and hanged by the British.
  • Along with Khudiram Bose, Aurobindo Ghosh and Barindra Ghosh (Ghosh Brothers) were also arrested and tried. Aurobindo Ghosh was acquitted of all charges and Barindra Ghosh was awarded the death penalty which was later changed to lifetime imprisonment.
  • The Alipore conspiracy case was also known as the Manicktolla bomb conspiracy or Muraripukur conspiracy case.

Check out NCERT notes on Subhas Chandra Bose here.

Assasination of Curzon Wyllie

  • In 1905, an Indian Home Rule Society called India House was started by Shyamji Krishnavarma in London. Revolutionaries such as Savarkar, Hardayal became its members.
  • In 1909, one of its members, Madanlal Dhingra assassinated Curzon Wyllie who was a British Indian army officer.

Check the NCERT Notes Cripps Mission here.

Howrah Gang Case

  • Inspector Shamsul Alam who was the Deputy Superintendent and intelligence officer in Bengal police was murdered on 24 January, 1910.
  • On 29 January 1910, 47 Indian Nationalists of the Anushilan Samiti were arrested and tried for this murder case. Later 33 of them were acquitted.
  • Jatindranath Mukherjee and Narendranath Battacharjee were awarded one-year imprisonment.
  • This case brought the network of Anushilan Samiti and works of Jatindranath Mukherjee under the scrutiny of the British.

Delhi Conspiracy Case

  • On 23 December 1912, Lord Hardinge, the then Viceroy of British India was making an official entry into the new capital Delhi through Chandni Chowk.
  • Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal made an attempt to assassinate him by throwing a bomb into his howdah (carriage positioned at the back of an elephant). However, he was just injured in the attack but an Indian servant who was holding a parasol behind him was dead.
  • Basant Kumar Biswas, Avadh Behari and Amir Chand were convicted for the attempt and were executed. Rashbehari Bose escaped from the arrest.

Also read:  NCERT notes on Indias Struggle for Independence Nana Saheb

Ghadar Movement

    1. In 1913 a revolutionary group called Ghadar Party was formed by expatriate Indians (mainly Lala Hardayal) with its headquarters at San Francisco. It was established to carry out revolutionary activities against the British.
    2. The party planned to bring about a revolt in India for which the Komagata Maru incident and outbreak of the First World War paved the way.
  • Komagata Maru Incident:
    1. Komagata Maru was Japanese ship which carried 351 Sikhs and 21 Punjabi Muslims to Vancouver city.
    2. The Canadian authorities denied the permission to land. Thus the ship returned and reached Calcutta in September 1914. The passengers were ordered by the Government of India to head to Punjab by train and they refused to board the train.
    3. This led to a conflict with the police near Calcutta in which 22 passengers died.
  • This incident triggered the Ghadr party members who then decided to launch a violent attack against the British. Many of its members left for India to join the movement. They urged Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal to lead a revolutionary movement in India.

    • Some of the other revolutionary movements which took place during the first phase were:

    1. In 1902, a revolutionary organisation called the Anushilan Samiti was formed in Calcutta.
    2. In 1906, a weekly called Yugantar was started which advocated the revolutionary movements.
    3. In 1907, attempts were made to derail the train in which Sir Andrew Fraser was commuting.
    4. In 1908, Barrah dacoity took place in order to raise funds for carrying out the revolutionary movements.
    5. In 1915, the Berlin Committee for Indian Independence was established which mobilised the Indians abroad to send arms and volunteers to India in order to support the revolutionary movements against the British in India.

    Check the NCERT notes on The Partition of Bengal here.

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Second Phase of Revolutionary Movements in India 

The second phase of the revolutionary movement in India during the 1920s began with the fallout of the Non-Cooperation movement. Following are some of the revolutionary movements that took place in the 1920s.

Kakori Train Robbery

  • The Kakori train robbery was organised by the Hindustan Republican Association which was established in October 1924.
  • On August 9, 1925 the members of the Hindustan Republican Association in Uttar Pradesh held up the number 8-Down train at Kakori which was travelling from Shahjahanpur to Lucknow and they looted away the official railway cash.
  • 40 people were arrested in connection to the train robbery case. Among them Roshan Singh, Rajendra Lahiri, Bismil and Ashfaqullah were hanged.
  • The Kakori incident was a setback for the revolutionaries of Hindustan Republican Association.

Check the NCERT Notes Rani Lakshmi Bai here.

Saunder’s Murder (Lahore Conspiracy Case)

  • During the anti-Simon Commission protests in Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai received severe lathi blows and eventually died.
  • This once again triggered the revolutionaries of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.
  • On 17 December 1928, John Saunders, the assistant superintendent of police who was responsible for the lathicharge in Lahore was shot by Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru. Chandrashekar Azad and Sukhdev Thapar supported them.

Bomb in Central Legislative Assembly
  • Following the murder of John Saunders, the civilians of the Lahore received heavy lathicharges from the police. This created an impression that the revolutionaries escaped the lathi charges and the general public suffered for their actions.
  • In order to change this impression, the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association asked Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt to commit a crime and get themselves arrested.
  • So on 8 April, 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt dropped a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly which was made harmless.
  • The intention of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association behind this act was to familiarize their revolutionary movements and ideology among the masses.
  • A tribunal was formed to handle the Saunder’s murder and bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly case and in 1930 Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru. and Sukhdev Thapar were sentenced to be hanged till death.

You might also like: NCERT notes on The August Offer

Chittagong Armoury Raid

  • Surya Sen who was the secretary of Chittagong District Congress Committee, organised a revolutionary activity in Chittagong in 1930.
  • In April 1930, Surya Sen along with his associates (around 65 members) seized the armoury of police and auxiliary forces and supplied arms to the revolutionaries. They also terminated the communication lines and dislocated the railway link between Chittagong and the rest of Bengal.
  • Surya Sen was arrested for this armoury raid and in January 1934 he was hanged.

The British officials came up with several repressive measures such as the Prevention of Seditious Meeting Act of 1907, the Explosive Substances Act of 1908, the Press Act of 1910 and so on to suppress the revolutionary movements. With the rise and spread of Gandhian ideologies like non-cooperation and non-violent, revolutionary activities were reduced to some extent. Later in the 1940s, revolutionaries were organised into a group under the leadership of Subash Chandra Bose and they decided to uproot the British rule in India under the banner of the Indian National Army.

Study from the best UPSC Civil Services History Books here!

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Revolutionary Movements in India NCERT Notes FAQs

Prafulla Chaki, Khudiram Bose, Aurobindo Ghosh and Barindra Ghosh were involved in the Alipore bomb conspiracy case in which an attempt was made to kill Douglas Kingford by throwing a bomb at a carriage he was travelling.

Roshan Singh, Rajendra Lahiri, Bismil, and Ashfaqullah were hanged in the Kakori train robbery case.

Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal tried to assassinate Lord Hardinge who was the then Viceroy of British India.

Some of the revolutionary organizations in India that were formed during the independence struggle were Anushilan Samiti, Mitra mela, Jugantar party, Abhinav Bharat, Hindustan Republican Association, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) and so on.

Lala Lajpat Rai died on receiving severe lathi charges in the anti-Simon commission protest in Lahore and John Saunders was the assistant superintendent of police responsible for the lathicharge in Lahore. In order to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, Bhagat Singh murdered Saunders.
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